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David A. Freedman presents here a definitive synthesis of his approach to causal inference in the social sciences. He explores the foundations and limitations of statistical modeling, illustrating basic arguments with examples from political science, public policy, law, and epidemiology. Freedman maintains that many new technical approaches to statistical modeling constitute not progress, but regress. Instead, he advocates a 'shoe leather' methodology, which exploits natural variation to mitigate confounding and relies on intimate knowledge of the subject matter to develop meticulous research designs and eliminate rival explanations. When Freedman first enunciated this position, he was met with scepticism, in part because it was hard to believe that a mathematical statistician of his stature would favor 'low-tech' approaches. But the tide is turning. Many social scientists now agree that statistical technique cannot substitute for good research design and subject matter knowledge. This book offers an integrated presentation of Freedman's views.

Causation. --- Linear models (Statistics). --- Social sciences --- Statistical methods. --- Linear models (Statistics) --- Causation --- Sciences sociales --- Modèles linéaires (Statistique) --- Causalité --- Statistical methods --- Méthodes statistiques --- #SBIB:303H510 --- #SBIB:303H520 --- 303.6 --- AA / International- internationaal --- Models, Linear (Statistics) --- Mathematical models --- Mathematical statistics --- Statistics --- Causality --- Cause and effect --- Effect and cause --- Final cause --- Beginning --- God --- Metaphysics --- Philosophy --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Teleology --- Methoden sociale wetenschappen: statistische technieken, algemeen --- Methoden sociale wetenschappen: techniek van de analyse, algemeen --- Raming : theorie (wiskundige statistiek). Bayesian analysis and inference

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Economics --- Causation --- Functionalism (Social sciences) --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Economie politique --- Causalité --- Statique et dynamique (Sciences sociales) --- Mathematical models --- Economic aspects --- Modèles mathématiques --- Aspect économique --- Modèles mathématique --- AA / International- internationaal --- 330.00 --- Economische en sociale theorieën: algemeenheden. --- Causalité --- Modèles mathématiques --- Aspect économique --- Modèles mathématique --- Functional analysis (Social sciences) --- Structural-functional analysis (Social sciences) --- Ethnology --- Social sciences --- Social systems --- Economics, Mathematical --- Causality --- Cause and effect --- Effect and cause --- Final cause --- Beginning --- God --- Metaphysics --- Philosophy --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Teleology --- Economic aspects&delete& --- Economische en sociale theorieën: algemeenheden --- Economics - Mathematical models --- Causation - Economic aspects - Mathematical models --- Functionalism (Social sciences) - Mathematical models --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) - Mathematical models

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Teleology --- Finalité --- Aristotle --- Design in natural phenomena, Study of --- Final cause --- Philosophy --- Causation --- Evolution --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Aristoteles. --- Aristoteles --- Aristote --- Aristotile --- Finalité --- Aristotle. --- Arisṭāṭṭil --- Aristo, --- Aristotel --- Aristotele --- Aristóteles, --- Aristòtil --- Arisṭū --- Arisṭūṭālīs --- Arisutoteresu --- Arystoteles --- Ya-li-shih-to-te --- Ya-li-ssu-to-te --- Yalishiduode --- Yalisiduode --- Ἀριστοτέλης --- Αριστοτέλης --- Аристотел --- ארסטו --- אריםטו --- אריסטו --- אריסטוטלס --- אריסטוטלוס --- אריסטוטליס --- أرسطاطاليس --- أرسططاليس --- أرسطو --- أرسطوطالس --- أرسطوطاليس --- ابن رشد --- اريسطو --- Pseudo Aristotele --- Pseudo-Aristotle --- アリストテレス

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Arts, Modern --- -Transcendentalism --- Ethics --- Teleology --- Design in natural phenomena, Study of --- Final cause --- Philosophy --- Causation --- Evolution --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Deontology --- Ethics, Primitive --- Ethology --- Moral philosophy --- Morality --- Morals --- Philosophy, Moral --- Science, Moral --- Values --- Philosophy, Modern --- Idealism --- Modern arts --- Biemel, Walter --- Kant, Immanuel --- Biemel, Walter, --- Aesthetics --- Beautiful, The --- Beauty --- Esthetics --- Taste (Aesthetics) --- Art --- Criticism --- Literature --- Proportion --- Symmetry --- Psychology --- Aesthetics. --- Ethics. --- Teleology. --- Transcendentalism. --- Biemel, Walter. --- Kant, I. --- Kānt, ʻAmmānūʼīl, --- Kant, Immanouel, --- Kant, Immanuil, --- Kʻantʻŭ, --- Kant, --- Kant, Emmanuel, --- Ḳanṭ, ʻImanuʼel, --- Kant, E., --- Kant, Emanuel, --- Cantơ, I., --- Kant, Emanuele, --- Kant, Im. --- קאנט --- קאנט, א. --- קאנט, עמנואל --- קאנט, עמנואל, --- קאנט, ע. --- קנט --- קנט, עמנואל --- קנט, עמנואל, --- كانت ، ايمانوئل --- كنت، إمانويل، --- カントイマニユエル, --- Kangde, --- 康德, --- Kanṭ, Īmānwīl, --- كانط، إيمانويل --- Kant, Manuel, --- Radio broadcasting Aesthetics

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The eleventh edition of Who's Buying Health Care is based on unpublished data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics' 2013 Consumer Expenditure Survey-you can't get these data online. It examines how much Americans spend out-of-pocket on health care by the demographics that count: age, income, high-income households, household type, race and Hispanic origin, region of residence, and education. To round out the spending picture, it also presents who-are-the-best-customers analyses of the data, showing the demographics of the best and biggest customers at a glance. The products and services examined in this report fall within the categories of health insurance, medical services (lab tests, dental and physician services, etc.), drugs (prescription, nonprescription, and vitamins), and medical supplies (eyeglasses and contact lenses, etc.). Also in this edition is a unique analysis of spending before (2000 to 2006) and after (2006 to 2013) the Great Recession.

Medical Economics --- Public Health --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Medical care --- Medical care, Cost of --- Health insurance --- Medical supplies --- Drugs --- Consumers' preferences --- E-books --- Brand preferences --- Choice (Economic theory) --- Choice of product --- Preferences, Consumers' --- Product choice --- Consumer behavior --- Consumers --- Revealed preference theory --- Medicaments --- Medications --- Medicine (Drugs) --- Medicines (Drugs) --- Pharmaceuticals --- Prescription drugs --- Bioactive compounds --- Pharmacopoeias --- Chemotherapy --- Materia medica --- Pharmacology --- Pharmacy --- Hospital supplies --- Medical products --- Medicine --- Supplies, Medical --- Health products --- Delivery of health care --- Delivery of medical care --- Health care --- Health care delivery --- Health services --- Healthcare --- Medical and health care industry --- Medical services --- Personal health services --- Public health --- Attitudes --- Equipment and supplies --- Health behavior --- Health behavior in adolescence --- Health risk assessment --- Adult --- Risk Factors --- Tables --- Adolescent --- Risk-Taking --- United States --- Health Behavior --- North America --- Age Groups --- Risk --- Publication Formats --- Behavior --- Causality --- Persons --- Probability --- Epidemiologic Factors --- Americas --- Publication Characteristics --- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms --- Statistics as Topic --- Quality of Health Care --- Named Groups --- Geographic Locations --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Epidemiologic Methods --- Geographicals --- Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Environment and Public Health --- Investigative Techniques --- Health Care --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Public Health - General --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Investigative Technics --- Investigative Technic --- Investigative Technique --- Technic, Investigative --- Technics, Investigative --- Technique, Investigative --- Techniques, Investigative --- Healthcare Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Healthcare Evaluation Mechanisms --- Evaluation Mechanism, Healthcare --- Evaluation Mechanisms, Healthcare --- Healthcare Evaluation Mechanism --- Mechanism, Healthcare Evaluation --- Mechanisms, Healthcare Evaluation --- Epidemiologic Method --- Epidemiological Methods --- Methods, Epidemiologic --- Epidemiological Method --- Method, Epidemiologic --- Method, Epidemiological --- Methods, Epidemiological --- Epidemiology --- Community Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine & Public Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine and Public Health --- Health, Community --- Health, Public --- Preventive Medicine --- Education, Public Health Professional --- Pharmacy Audit --- Quality of Care --- Quality of Healthcare --- Audit, Pharmacy --- Care Quality --- Health Care Quality --- Healthcare Quality --- Pharmacy Audits --- Area Analysis --- Estimation Technics --- Estimation Techniques --- Indirect Estimation Technics --- Indirect Estimation Techniques --- Multiple Classification Analysis --- Service Statistics --- Statistical Study --- Statistics, Service --- Tables and Charts as Topic --- Analyses, Area --- Analyses, Multiple Classification --- Area Analyses --- Classification Analyses, Multiple --- Classification Analysis, Multiple --- Estimation Technic, Indirect --- Estimation Technics, Indirect --- Estimation Technique --- Estimation Technique, Indirect --- Estimation Techniques, Indirect --- Indirect Estimation Technic --- Indirect Estimation Technique --- Multiple Classification Analyses --- Statistical Studies --- Studies, Statistical --- Study, Statistical --- Technic, Indirect Estimation --- Technics, Estimation --- Technics, Indirect Estimation --- Technique, Estimation --- Technique, Indirect Estimation --- Techniques, Estimation --- Techniques, Indirect Estimation --- Determinant, Epidemiologic --- Determinants, Epidemiologic --- Epidemiologic Determinant --- Epidemiologic Factor --- Factor, Epidemiologic --- Factors, Epidemiologic --- Epidemiologic Determinants --- Probabilities --- Person --- Causation --- Enabling Factors --- Multifactorial Causality --- Multiple Causation --- Predisposing Factors --- Reinforcing Factors --- Causalities --- Causalities, Multifactorial --- Causality, Multifactorial --- Causation, Multiple --- Causations --- Causations, Multiple --- Enabling Factor --- Factor, Enabling --- Factor, Predisposing --- Factor, Reinforcing --- Factors, Enabling --- Factors, Predisposing --- Factors, Reinforcing --- Multifactorial Causalities --- Multiple Causations --- Predisposing Factor --- Reinforcing Factor --- Acceptance Process --- Acceptance Processes --- Behaviors --- Process, Acceptance --- Processes, Acceptance --- Relative Risk --- Relative Risks --- Risk, Relative --- Risks --- Risks, Relative --- Risk Reduction Behavior --- Harm Reduction --- Age Group --- Group, Age --- Groups, Age --- Health-Related Behavior --- Behavior, Health --- Behavior, Health-Related --- Behaviors, Health --- Behaviors, Health-Related --- Health Behaviors --- Health Related Behavior --- Health-Related Behaviors --- Healthy Lifestyle --- Health Promotion --- Life Style --- Risk Behavior --- Behavior, Risk --- Behaviors, Risk --- Risk Behaviors --- Risk Taking --- Health Risk Behaviors --- Dangerous Behavior --- Adolescents --- Adolescents, Female --- Adolescents, Male --- Teenagers --- Teens --- Adolescence --- Youth --- Adolescent, Female --- Adolescent, Male --- Female Adolescent --- Female Adolescents --- Male Adolescent --- Male Adolescents --- Teen --- Teenager --- Youths --- Minors --- Population at Risk --- Populations at Risk --- Factor, Risk --- Factors, Risk --- Risk Factor --- Risk, Population at --- Risk, Populations at --- Organs at Risk --- Adults --- Adolescent health behavior --- Adolescent health habits --- Adolescent psychology --- Health habits --- Diseases --- Habit --- Health attitudes --- Human behavior --- Medicine and psychology --- methods --- Causes and theories of causation --- Behavior And Behavior Mechanism --- Mediation Analysis --- Incidence --- Health Correlates --- Risk Factor Scores --- Risk Scores --- Correlates, Health --- Risk Factor Score --- Risk Score --- Score, Risk --- Score, Risk Factor --- America --- Northern America --- Social Risk Factors --- Factor, Social Risk --- Factors, Social Risk --- Risk Factor, Social --- Risk Factors, Social --- Social Risk Factor